# Copyright (c) 2018,2019 MetPy Developers.
# Distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-Clause License.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
"""Tools and calculations for interpolating specifically to a grid."""
import numpy as np
from .points import (interpolate_to_points, inverse_distance_to_points,
natural_neighbor_to_points)
from ..package_tools import Exporter
from ..pandas import preprocess_pandas
exporter = Exporter(globals())
def generate_grid(horiz_dim, bbox):
r"""Generate a meshgrid based on bounding box and x & y resolution.
Parameters
----------
horiz_dim: integer
Horizontal resolution
bbox: dictionary
Dictionary containing coordinates for corners of study area.
Returns
-------
grid_x: (X, Y) ndarray
X dimension meshgrid defined by given bounding box
grid_y: (X, Y) ndarray
Y dimension meshgrid defined by given bounding box
"""
x_steps, y_steps = get_xy_steps(bbox, horiz_dim)
grid_x = np.linspace(bbox['west'], bbox['east'], x_steps)
grid_y = np.linspace(bbox['south'], bbox['north'], y_steps)
gx, gy = np.meshgrid(grid_x, grid_y)
return gx, gy
def generate_grid_coords(gx, gy):
r"""Calculate x,y coordinates of each grid cell.
Parameters
----------
gx: numeric
x coordinates in meshgrid
gy: numeric
y coordinates in meshgrid
Returns
-------
(X, Y) ndarray
List of coordinates in meshgrid
"""
return np.stack([gx.ravel(), gy.ravel()], axis=1)
def get_xy_range(bbox):
r"""Return x and y ranges in meters based on bounding box.
bbox: dictionary
dictionary containing coordinates for corners of study area
Returns
-------
x_range: float
Range in meters in x dimension.
y_range: float
Range in meters in y dimension.
"""
x_range = bbox['east'] - bbox['west']
y_range = bbox['north'] - bbox['south']
return x_range, y_range
def get_xy_steps(bbox, h_dim):
r"""Return meshgrid spacing based on bounding box.
bbox: dictionary
Dictionary containing coordinates for corners of study area.
h_dim: integer
Horizontal resolution in meters.
Returns
-------
x_steps, (X, ) ndarray
Number of grids in x dimension.
y_steps: (Y, ) ndarray
Number of grids in y dimension.
"""
x_range, y_range = get_xy_range(bbox)
x_steps = np.ceil(x_range / h_dim)
y_steps = np.ceil(y_range / h_dim)
return int(x_steps), int(y_steps)
def get_boundary_coords(x, y, spatial_pad=0):
r"""Return bounding box based on given x and y coordinates assuming northern hemisphere.
x: numeric
x coordinates.
y: numeric
y coordinates.
spatial_pad: numeric
Number of meters to add to the x and y dimensions to reduce
edge effects.
Returns
-------
bbox: dictionary
dictionary containing coordinates for corners of study area
"""
west = np.min(x) - spatial_pad
east = np.max(x) + spatial_pad
north = np.max(y) + spatial_pad
south = np.min(y) - spatial_pad
return {'west': west, 'south': south, 'east': east, 'north': north}
[docs]@exporter.export
def natural_neighbor_to_grid(xp, yp, variable, grid_x, grid_y):
r"""Generate a natural neighbor interpolation of the given points to a regular grid.
This assigns values to the given grid using the Liang and Hale [Liang2010]_.
approach.
Parameters
----------
xp: (N, ) ndarray
x-coordinates of observations
yp: (N, ) ndarray
y-coordinates of observations
variable: (N, ) ndarray
observation values associated with (xp, yp) pairs.
IE, variable[i] is a unique observation at (xp[i], yp[i])
grid_x: (M, 2) ndarray
Meshgrid associated with x dimension
grid_y: (M, 2) ndarray
Meshgrid associated with y dimension
Returns
-------
img: (M, N) ndarray
Interpolated values on a 2-dimensional grid
See Also
--------
natural_neighbor_to_points
"""
# Handle grid-to-points conversion, and use function from `interpolation`
points_obs = list(zip(xp, yp))
points_grid = generate_grid_coords(grid_x, grid_y)
img = natural_neighbor_to_points(points_obs, variable, points_grid)
return img.reshape(grid_x.shape)
[docs]@exporter.export
def inverse_distance_to_grid(xp, yp, variable, grid_x, grid_y, r, gamma=None, kappa=None,
min_neighbors=3, kind='cressman'):
r"""Generate an inverse distance interpolation of the given points to a regular grid.
Values are assigned to the given grid using inverse distance weighting based on either
[Cressman1959]_ or [Barnes1964]_. The Barnes implementation used here based on [Koch1983]_.
Parameters
----------
xp: (N, ) ndarray
x-coordinates of observations.
yp: (N, ) ndarray
y-coordinates of observations.
variable: (N, ) ndarray
observation values associated with (xp, yp) pairs.
IE, variable[i] is a unique observation at (xp[i], yp[i]).
grid_x: (M, 2) ndarray
Meshgrid associated with x dimension.
grid_y: (M, 2) ndarray
Meshgrid associated with y dimension.
r: float
Radius from grid center, within which observations
are considered and weighted.
gamma: float
Adjustable smoothing parameter for the barnes interpolation. Default None.
kappa: float
Response parameter for barnes interpolation. Default None.
min_neighbors: int
Minimum number of neighbors needed to perform barnes or cressman interpolation
for a point. Default is 3.
kind: str
Specify what inverse distance weighting interpolation to use.
Options: 'cressman' or 'barnes'. Default 'cressman'
Returns
-------
img: (M, N) ndarray
Interpolated values on a 2-dimensional grid
See Also
--------
inverse_distance_to_points
"""
# Handle grid-to-points conversion, and use function from `interpolation`
points_obs = list(zip(xp, yp))
points_grid = generate_grid_coords(grid_x, grid_y)
img = inverse_distance_to_points(points_obs, variable, points_grid, r, gamma=gamma,
kappa=kappa, min_neighbors=min_neighbors, kind=kind)
return img.reshape(grid_x.shape)
[docs]@exporter.export
@preprocess_pandas
def interpolate_to_grid(x, y, z, interp_type='linear', hres=50000,
minimum_neighbors=3, gamma=0.25, kappa_star=5.052,
search_radius=None, rbf_func='linear', rbf_smooth=0,
boundary_coords=None):
r"""Interpolate given (x,y), observation (z) pairs to a grid based on given parameters.
Parameters
----------
x: array_like
x coordinate, can have units of linear distance or degrees
y: array_like
y coordinate, can have units of linear distance or degrees
z: array_like
observation value
interp_type: str
What type of interpolation to use. Available options include:
1) "linear", "nearest", "cubic", or "rbf" from `scipy.interpolate`.
2) "natural_neighbor", "barnes", or "cressman" from `metpy.interpolate`.
Default "linear".
hres: float
The horizontal resolution of the generated grid, given in the same units as the
x and y parameters. Default 50000.
minimum_neighbors: int
Minimum number of neighbors needed to perform barnes or cressman interpolation for a
point. Default is 3.
gamma: float
Adjustable smoothing parameter for the barnes interpolation. Default 0.25.
kappa_star: float
Response parameter for barnes interpolation, specified nondimensionally
in terms of the Nyquist. Default 5.052
search_radius: float
A search radius to use for the barnes and cressman interpolation schemes.
If search_radius is not specified, it will default to the average spacing of
observations.
rbf_func: str
Specifies which function to use for Rbf interpolation.
Options include: 'multiquadric', 'inverse', 'gaussian', 'linear', 'cubic',
'quintic', and 'thin_plate'. Defualt 'linear'. See `scipy.interpolate.Rbf` for more
information.
rbf_smooth: float
Smoothing value applied to rbf interpolation. Higher values result in more smoothing.
boundary_coords: dictionary
Optional dictionary containing coordinates of the study area boundary. Dictionary
should be in format: {'west': west, 'south': south, 'east': east, 'north': north}
Returns
-------
grid_x: (N, 2) ndarray
Meshgrid for the resulting interpolation in the x dimension
grid_y: (N, 2) ndarray
Meshgrid for the resulting interpolation in the y dimension ndarray
img: (M, N) ndarray
2-dimensional array representing the interpolated values for each grid.
Notes
-----
This function acts as a wrapper for `interpolate_points` to allow it to generate a regular
grid.
This function interpolates points to a Cartesian plane, even if lat/lon coordinates
are provided.
See Also
--------
interpolate_to_points
"""
# Generate the grid
if boundary_coords is None:
boundary_coords = get_boundary_coords(x, y)
grid_x, grid_y = generate_grid(hres, boundary_coords)
# Handle grid-to-points conversion, and use function from `interpolation`
points_obs = np.array(list(zip(x, y)))
points_grid = generate_grid_coords(grid_x, grid_y)
img = interpolate_to_points(points_obs, z, points_grid, interp_type=interp_type,
minimum_neighbors=minimum_neighbors, gamma=gamma,
kappa_star=kappa_star, search_radius=search_radius,
rbf_func=rbf_func, rbf_smooth=rbf_smooth)
return grid_x, grid_y, img.reshape(grid_x.shape)
[docs]@exporter.export
@preprocess_pandas
def interpolate_to_isosurface(level_var, interp_var, level, bottom_up_search=True):
r"""Linear interpolation of a variable to a given vertical level from given values.
This function assumes that highest vertical level (lowest pressure) is zeroth index.
A classic use of this function would be to compute the potential temperature on the
dynamic tropopause (2 PVU surface).
Parameters
----------
level_var: array_like (P, M, N)
Level values in 3D grid on common vertical coordinate (e.g., PV values on
isobaric levels). Assumes height dimension is highest to lowest in atmosphere.
interp_var: array_like (P, M, N)
Variable on 3D grid with same vertical coordinate as level_var to interpolate to
given level (e.g., potential temperature on isobaric levels)
level: int or float
Desired interpolated level (e.g., 2 PVU surface)
bottom_up_search : bool, optional
Controls whether to search for levels bottom-up, or top-down. Defaults to
True, which is bottom-up search.
Returns
-------
interp_level: (M, N) ndarray
The interpolated variable (e.g., potential temperature) on the desired level (e.g.,
2 PVU surface)
Notes
-----
This function implements a linear interpolation to estimate values on a given surface.
The prototypical example is interpolation of potential temperature to the dynamic
tropopause (e.g., 2 PVU surface)
"""
from ..calc import find_bounding_indices
# Find index values above and below desired interpolated surface value
above, below, good = find_bounding_indices(level_var, [level], axis=0,
from_below=bottom_up_search)
# Linear interpolation of variable to interpolated surface value
interp_level = (((level - level_var[above]) / (level_var[below] - level_var[above]))
* (interp_var[below] - interp_var[above])) + interp_var[above]
# Handle missing values and instances where no values for surface exist above and below
interp_level[~good] = np.nan
minvar = (np.min(level_var, axis=0) >= level)
maxvar = (np.max(level_var, axis=0) <= level)
interp_level[0][minvar] = interp_var[-1][minvar]
interp_level[0][maxvar] = interp_var[0][maxvar]
return interp_level.squeeze()