Note

Go to the end to download the full example code.

xarray with MetPy Tutorial#

xarray is a powerful Python package that provides N-dimensional labeled arrays and datasets following the Common Data Model. MetPy’s suite of meteorological calculations are designed to integrate with xarray DataArrays as one of its two primary data models (the other being Pint Quantities). MetPy also provides DataArray and Dataset accessors (collections of methods and properties attached to the .metpy property) for coordinate/CRS and unit operations.

Full information on MetPy’s accessors is available in the appropriate section of the reference guide, otherwise, continue on in this tutorial for a demonstration of the three main components of MetPy’s integration with xarray (coordinates/coordinate reference systems, units, and calculations), as well as instructive examples for both CF-compliant and non-compliant datasets.

First, some general imports…

import numpy as np
import xarray as xr

# Any import of metpy will activate the accessors
import metpy.calc as mpcalc
from metpy.cbook import get_test_data
from metpy.units import units

…and opening some sample data to work with.

# Open the netCDF file as a xarray Dataset
data = xr.open_dataset(get_test_data('irma_gfs_example.nc', False))

# View a summary of the Dataset
data

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 67MB
Dimensions:                              (time1: 9, latitude: 81,
                                          isobaric3: 31, isobaric1: 21,
                                          longitude: 131)
Coordinates:
  * time1                                (time1) datetime64[ns] 72B 2017-09-0...
    reftime                              datetime64[ns] 8B ...
  * latitude                             (latitude) float32 324B 50.0 ... 10.0
  * isobaric3                            (isobaric3) float64 248B 100.0 ... 1...
  * isobaric1                            (isobaric1) float64 168B 1e+04 ... 1...
  * longitude                            (longitude) float32 524B 250.0 ... 3...
Data variables:
    Vertical_velocity_pressure_isobaric  (time1, isobaric1, latitude, longitude) float32 8MB ...
    Relative_humidity_isobaric           (time1, isobaric3, latitude, longitude) float32 12MB ...
    Temperature_isobaric                 (time1, isobaric3, latitude, longitude) float32 12MB ...
    u-component_of_wind_isobaric         (time1, isobaric3, latitude, longitude) float32 12MB ...
    v-component_of_wind_isobaric         (time1, isobaric3, latitude, longitude) float32 12MB ...
    Geopotential_height_isobaric         (time1, isobaric3, latitude, longitude) float32 12MB ...
    LatLon_361X720-0p25S-180p00E         int32 4B ...
Attributes: (12/13)
    Originating_or_generating_Center:                                        ...
    Originating_or_generating_Subcenter:                                     ...
    GRIB_table_version:                                                      ...
    Type_of_generating_process:                                              ...
    Analysis_or_forecast_generating_process_identifier_defined_by_originating...
    Conventions:                                                             ...
    ...                                                                                ...
    featureType:                                                             ...
    History:                                                                 ...
    geospatial_lat_min:                                                      ...
    geospatial_lat_max:                                                      ...
    geospatial_lon_min:                                                      ...
    geospatial_lon_max:                                                      ...


While xarray can handle a wide variety of n-dimensional data (essentially anything that can be stored in a netCDF file), a common use case is working with gridded model output. Such model data can be obtained from a THREDDS Data Server using the siphon package, but here we’ve used an example subset of GFS data from Hurricane Irma (September 5th, 2017) included in MetPy’s test suite. Generally, a local file (or remote file via OPeNDAP) can be opened with xr.open_dataset("path").

Going back to the above object, this Dataset consists of dimensions and their associated coordinates, which in turn make up the axes along which the data variables are defined. The dataset also has a dictionary-like collection of attributes. What happens if we look at just a single data variable?

temperature = data['Temperature_isobaric']
temperature

<xarray.DataArray 'Temperature_isobaric' (time1: 9, isobaric3: 31,
                                          latitude: 81, longitude: 131)> Size: 12MB
[2960469 values with dtype=float32]
Coordinates:
  * time1      (time1) datetime64[ns] 72B 2017-09-05T12:00:00 ... 2017-09-06T...
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B ...
  * latitude   (latitude) float32 324B 50.0 49.5 49.0 48.5 ... 11.0 10.5 10.0
  * isobaric3  (isobaric3) float64 248B 100.0 200.0 300.0 ... 9.75e+04 1e+05
  * longitude  (longitude) float32 524B 250.0 250.5 251.0 ... 314.0 314.5 315.0
Attributes:
    long_name:                      Temperature @ Isobaric surface
    units:                          K
    Grib_Variable_Id:               VAR_0-0-0_L100
    Grib2_Parameter:                [0 0 0]
    Grib2_Parameter_Discipline:     Meteorological products
    Grib2_Parameter_Category:       Temperature
    Grib2_Parameter_Name:           Temperature
    Grib2_Level_Type:               100
    Grib2_Level_Desc:               Isobaric surface
    Grib2_Generating_Process_Type:  Forecast
    grid_mapping:                   LatLon_361X720-0p25S-180p00E


This is a DataArray, which stores just a single data variable with its associated coordinates and attributes. These individual DataArrays are the kinds of objects that MetPy’s calculations take as input (more on that in Calculations section below).

If you are more interested in learning about xarray’s terminology and data structures, see the terminology section of xarray’s documentation.

Coordinates and Coordinate Reference Systems#

MetPy’s first set of helpers comes with identifying coordinate types. In a given dataset, coordinates can have a variety of different names and yet refer to the same type (such as “isobaric1” and “isobaric3” both referring to vertical isobaric coordinates). Following CF conventions, as well as using some fall-back regular expressions, MetPy can systematically identify coordinates of the following types:

  • time

  • vertical

  • latitude

  • y

  • longitude

  • x

When identifying a single coordinate, it is best to use the property directly associated with that type

temperature.metpy.time

<xarray.DataArray 'time1' (time1: 9)> Size: 72B
array(['2017-09-05T12:00:00.000000000', '2017-09-05T15:00:00.000000000',
       '2017-09-05T18:00:00.000000000', '2017-09-05T21:00:00.000000000',
       '2017-09-06T00:00:00.000000000', '2017-09-06T03:00:00.000000000',
       '2017-09-06T06:00:00.000000000', '2017-09-06T09:00:00.000000000',
       '2017-09-06T12:00:00.000000000'], dtype='datetime64[ns]')
Coordinates:
  * time1    (time1) datetime64[ns] 72B 2017-09-05T12:00:00 ... 2017-09-06T12...
    reftime  datetime64[ns] 8B ...
Attributes:
    standard_name:  time
    long_name:      time
    udunits:        Hour since 2017-09-05T12:00:00Z
    _metpy_axis:    time


When accessing multiple coordinate types simultaneously, you can use the .coordinates() method to yield a generator for the respective coordinates

x, y = temperature.metpy.coordinates('x', 'y')

These coordinate type aliases can also be used in MetPy’s wrapped .sel and .loc for indexing and selecting on DataArrays. For example, to access 500 hPa heights at 1800Z,

heights = data['Geopotential_height_isobaric'].metpy.sel(
    time='2017-09-05 18:00',
    vertical=50000.
)

(Notice how we specified 50000 here without units…we’ll go over a better alternative in the next section on units.)

One point of warning: xarray’s selection and indexing only works if these coordinates are dimension coordinates, meaning that they are 1D and share the name of their associated dimension. In practice, this means that you can’t index a dataset that has 2D latitude and longitude coordinates by latitudes and longitudes, instead, you must index by the 1D y and x dimension coordinates. (What if these coordinates are missing, you may ask? See the final subsection on .assign_y_x for more details.)

Beyond just the coordinates themselves, a common need for both calculations with and plots of geospatial data is knowing the coordinate reference system (CRS) on which the horizontal spatial coordinates are defined. MetPy follows the CF Conventions for its CRS definitions, which it then caches on the metpy_crs coordinate in order for it to persist through calculations and other array operations. There are two ways to do so in MetPy:

First, if your dataset is already conforming to the CF Conventions, it will have a grid mapping variable that is associated with the other data variables by the grid_mapping attribute. This is automatically parsed via the .parse_cf() method:

# Parse full dataset
data_parsed = data.metpy.parse_cf()

# Parse subset of dataset
data_subset = data.metpy.parse_cf([
    'u-component_of_wind_isobaric',
    'v-component_of_wind_isobaric',
    'Vertical_velocity_pressure_isobaric'
])

# Parse single variable
relative_humidity = data.metpy.parse_cf('Relative_humidity_isobaric')

If your dataset doesn’t have a CF-conforming grid mapping variable, you can manually specify the CRS using the .assign_crs() method:

temperature = data['Temperature_isobaric'].metpy.assign_crs(
    grid_mapping_name='latitude_longitude',
    earth_radius=6371229.0
)

temperature

<xarray.DataArray 'Temperature_isobaric' (time1: 9, isobaric3: 31,
                                          latitude: 81, longitude: 131)> Size: 12MB
[2960469 values with dtype=float32]
Coordinates:
  * time1      (time1) datetime64[ns] 72B 2017-09-05T12:00:00 ... 2017-09-06T...
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B ...
  * latitude   (latitude) float32 324B 50.0 49.5 49.0 48.5 ... 11.0 10.5 10.0
  * isobaric3  (isobaric3) float64 248B 100.0 200.0 300.0 ... 9.75e+04 1e+05
  * longitude  (longitude) float32 524B 250.0 250.5 251.0 ... 314.0 314.5 315.0
    metpy_crs  object 8B Projection: latitude_longitude
Attributes:
    long_name:                      Temperature @ Isobaric surface
    units:                          K
    Grib_Variable_Id:               VAR_0-0-0_L100
    Grib2_Parameter:                [0 0 0]
    Grib2_Parameter_Discipline:     Meteorological products
    Grib2_Parameter_Category:       Temperature
    Grib2_Parameter_Name:           Temperature
    Grib2_Level_Type:               100
    Grib2_Level_Desc:               Isobaric surface
    Grib2_Generating_Process_Type:  Forecast
    grid_mapping:                   LatLon_361X720-0p25S-180p00E


Notice the newly added metpy_crs non-dimension coordinate. Now how can we use this in practice? For individual DataArrayss, we can access the cartopy and pyproj objects corresponding to this CRS:

# Cartopy CRS, useful for plotting
relative_humidity.metpy.cartopy_crs
2024-12-18T00:41:10.428492 image/svg+xml Matplotlib v3.10.0, https://matplotlib.org/ 
<cartopy.crs.PlateCarree object at 0x7f674fdf9310>


# pyproj CRS, useful for projection transformations and forward/backward azimuth and great
# circle calculations
temperature.metpy.pyproj_crs

<Geographic 2D CRS: {"$schema": "https://proj.org/schemas/v0.2/projjso ...>
Name: undefined
Axis Info [ellipsoidal]:
- lon[east]: Longitude (degree)
- lat[north]: Latitude (degree)
Area of Use:
- undefined
Datum: undefined
- Ellipsoid: undefined
- Prime Meridian: Greenwich

Finally, there are times when a certain horizontal coordinate type is missing from your dataset, and you need the other, that is, you have latitude/longitude and need y/x, or visa versa. This is where the .assign_y_x and .assign_latitude_longitude methods come in handy. Our current GFS sample won’t work to demonstrate this (since, on its latitude-longitude grid, y is latitude and x is longitude), so for more information, take a look at the Non-Compliant Dataset Example below, or view the accessor documentation.

Units#

Since unit-aware calculations are a major part of the MetPy library, unit support is a major part of MetPy’s xarray integration!

One very important point of consideration is that xarray data variables (in both Datasets and DataArrays) can store both unit-aware and unit-naive array types. Unit-naive array types will be used by default in xarray, so we need to convert to a unit-aware type if we want to use xarray operations while preserving unit correctness. MetPy provides the .quantify() method for this (named since we are turning the data stored inside the xarray object into a Pint Quantity object)

heights = heights.metpy.quantify()
heights

<xarray.DataArray 'Geopotential_height_isobaric' (latitude: 81, longitude: 131)> Size: 42kB
<Quantity([[5883.3564 5879.3164 5875.3564 ... 5769.3965 5769.996  5770.436 ]
 [5885.476  5882.2363 5877.6763 ... 5783.916  5784.516  5785.1963]
 [5888.8765 5885.1562 5880.916  ... 5798.476  5799.076  5799.7163]
 ...
 [5892.516  5892.2363 5891.996  ... 5881.556  5881.436  5880.596 ]
 [5891.8364 5891.596  5891.7163 ... 5880.2764 5880.3564 5879.916 ]
 [5891.3564 5891.596  5891.3564 ... 5879.8765 5879.596  5878.996 ]], 'meter')>
Coordinates:
    time1      datetime64[ns] 8B 2017-09-05T18:00:00
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B ...
  * latitude   (latitude) float32 324B 50.0 49.5 49.0 48.5 ... 11.0 10.5 10.0
    isobaric3  float64 8B 5e+04
  * longitude  (longitude) float32 524B 250.0 250.5 251.0 ... 314.0 314.5 315.0
Attributes:
    long_name:                      Geopotential height @ Isobaric surface
    Grib_Variable_Id:               VAR_0-3-5_L100
    Grib2_Parameter:                [0 3 5]
    Grib2_Parameter_Discipline:     Meteorological products
    Grib2_Parameter_Category:       Mass
    Grib2_Parameter_Name:           Geopotential height
    Grib2_Level_Type:               100
    Grib2_Level_Desc:               Isobaric surface
    Grib2_Generating_Process_Type:  Forecast
    grid_mapping:                   LatLon_361X720-0p25S-180p00E


Notice how the units are now represented in the data itself, rather than as a text attribute. Now, even if we perform some kind of xarray operation (such as taking the zonal mean), the units are preserved

heights_mean = heights.mean('longitude')
heights_mean

<xarray.DataArray 'Geopotential_height_isobaric' (latitude: 81)> Size: 324B
<Quantity([5636.367  5644.392  5652.7705 5661.369  5669.813  5678.5083 5687.433
 5696.517  5705.927  5715.6123 5725.702  5736.1387 5746.884  5757.718
 5768.566  5779.2812 5789.8193 5799.801  5809.502  5818.7715 5827.7744
 5836.921  5846.3857 5855.668  5864.2397 5871.804  5878.769  5885.058
 5890.129  5894.0293 5897.146  5899.633  5901.674  5903.2773 5904.41
 5905.27   5905.897  5906.592  5907.0083 5907.0806 5907.031  5906.871
 5906.777  5906.4556 5906.121  5905.798  5905.6826 5905.5986 5905.4097
 5905.1245 5904.773  5904.43   5903.954  5903.378  5902.532  5901.714
 5900.865  5900.0933 5899.336  5898.4673 5897.44   5896.233  5895.057
 5893.633  5891.532  5888.15   5883.094  5884.8022 5887.923  5889.0054
 5889.114  5888.8887 5888.685  5888.146  5887.567  5887.0317 5886.299
 5885.4214 5884.515  5883.694  5883.072 ], 'meter')>
Coordinates:
    time1      datetime64[ns] 8B 2017-09-05T18:00:00
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B ...
  * latitude   (latitude) float32 324B 50.0 49.5 49.0 48.5 ... 11.0 10.5 10.0
    isobaric3  float64 8B 5e+04


However, this “quantification” is not without its consequences. By default, xarray loads its data lazily to conserve memory usage. Unless your data is chunked into a Dask array (using the chunks argument), this .quantify() method will load data into memory, which could slow your script or even cause your process to run out of memory. And so, we recommend subsetting your data before quantifying it.

Also, these Pint Quantity data objects are not properly handled by xarray when writing to disk. And so, if you want to safely export your data, you will need to undo the quantification with the .dequantify() method, which converts your data back to a unit-naive array with the unit as a text attribute

heights_mean_str_units = heights_mean.metpy.dequantify()
heights_mean_str_units

<xarray.DataArray 'Geopotential_height_isobaric' (latitude: 81)> Size: 324B
array([5636.367 , 5644.392 , 5652.7705, 5661.369 , 5669.813 , 5678.5083,
       5687.433 , 5696.517 , 5705.927 , 5715.6123, 5725.702 , 5736.1387,
       5746.884 , 5757.718 , 5768.566 , 5779.2812, 5789.8193, 5799.801 ,
       5809.502 , 5818.7715, 5827.7744, 5836.921 , 5846.3857, 5855.668 ,
       5864.2397, 5871.804 , 5878.769 , 5885.058 , 5890.129 , 5894.0293,
       5897.146 , 5899.633 , 5901.674 , 5903.2773, 5904.41  , 5905.27  ,
       5905.897 , 5906.592 , 5907.0083, 5907.0806, 5907.031 , 5906.871 ,
       5906.777 , 5906.4556, 5906.121 , 5905.798 , 5905.6826, 5905.5986,
       5905.4097, 5905.1245, 5904.773 , 5904.43  , 5903.954 , 5903.378 ,
       5902.532 , 5901.714 , 5900.865 , 5900.0933, 5899.336 , 5898.4673,
       5897.44  , 5896.233 , 5895.057 , 5893.633 , 5891.532 , 5888.15  ,
       5883.094 , 5884.8022, 5887.923 , 5889.0054, 5889.114 , 5888.8887,
       5888.685 , 5888.146 , 5887.567 , 5887.0317, 5886.299 , 5885.4214,
       5884.515 , 5883.694 , 5883.072 ], dtype=float32)
Coordinates:
    time1      datetime64[ns] 8B 2017-09-05T18:00:00
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B ...
  * latitude   (latitude) float32 324B 50.0 49.5 49.0 48.5 ... 11.0 10.5 10.0
    isobaric3  float64 8B 5e+04
Attributes:
    units:    meter


Other useful unit integration features include:

Unit-based selection/indexing:

heights_at_45_north = data['Geopotential_height_isobaric'].metpy.sel(
    latitude=45 * units.degrees_north,
    vertical=300 * units.hPa
)
heights_at_45_north

<xarray.DataArray 'Geopotential_height_isobaric' (time1: 9, longitude: 131)> Size: 5kB
[1179 values with dtype=float32]
Coordinates:
  * time1      (time1) datetime64[ns] 72B 2017-09-05T12:00:00 ... 2017-09-06T...
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B ...
    latitude   float32 4B 45.0
    isobaric3  float64 8B 3e+04
  * longitude  (longitude) float32 524B 250.0 250.5 251.0 ... 314.0 314.5 315.0
Attributes:
    long_name:                      Geopotential height @ Isobaric surface
    units:                          gpm
    Grib_Variable_Id:               VAR_0-3-5_L100
    Grib2_Parameter:                [0 3 5]
    Grib2_Parameter_Discipline:     Meteorological products
    Grib2_Parameter_Category:       Mass
    Grib2_Parameter_Name:           Geopotential height
    Grib2_Level_Type:               100
    Grib2_Level_Desc:               Isobaric surface
    Grib2_Generating_Process_Type:  Forecast
    grid_mapping:                   LatLon_361X720-0p25S-180p00E


Unit conversion:

temperature_degc = temperature[0].metpy.convert_units('degC')
temperature_degc

<xarray.DataArray 'Temperature_isobaric' (isobaric3: 31, latitude: 81,
                                          longitude: 131)> Size: 1MB
<Quantity([[[-15.149994 -15.149994 -15.25     ... -14.949982 -14.949982 -14.850006]
  [-15.25     -15.25     -15.350006 ... -14.949982 -14.949982 -14.949982]
  [-15.350006 -15.350006 -15.350006 ... -15.049988 -15.049988 -15.049988]
  ...
  [-12.350006 -12.350006 -12.350006 ... -15.149994 -15.049988 -14.949982]
  [-12.149994 -12.149994 -12.149994 ... -15.049988 -15.049988 -14.949982]
  [-11.949982 -11.949982 -11.949982 ... -15.049988 -14.949982 -14.850006]]

 [[-16.649994 -16.649994 -16.649994 ... -17.549988 -17.549988 -17.649994]
  [-16.75     -16.75     -16.850006 ... -17.649994 -17.649994 -17.649994]
  [-16.949982 -16.949982 -16.949982 ... -17.75     -17.75     -17.75    ]
  ...
  [-14.049988 -14.049988 -14.049988 ... -12.049988 -11.75     -11.549988]
  [-13.949982 -13.949982 -13.949982 ... -12.049988 -11.75     -11.549988]
  [-13.75     -13.850006 -13.850006 ... -12.049988 -11.75     -11.549988]]

 [[-21.75     -21.75     -21.75     ... -22.649994 -22.649994 -22.649994]
  [-21.949997 -21.84999  -21.84999  ... -22.75     -22.75     -22.75    ]
  [-22.049988 -22.049988 -22.049988 ... -22.84999  -22.84999  -22.949997]
  ...
...
  ...
  [ 22.149994  22.149994  22.149994 ...  22.550018  22.649994  22.75    ]
  [ 22.050018  22.050018  21.950012 ...  22.550018  22.149994  22.350006]
  [ 21.950012  21.75      22.149994 ...  22.550018  22.450012  22.050018]]

 [[ 15.649994  15.149994  14.649994 ...  11.950012  11.850006  11.75    ]
  [ 15.149994  15.149994  15.050018 ...  11.950012  11.649994  11.450012]
  [ 15.050018  14.850006  15.050018 ...  11.850006  11.75      11.649994]
  ...
  [ 24.149994  24.25      24.149994 ...  24.649994  24.649994  24.850006]
  [ 23.950012  23.950012  23.850006 ...  24.649994  24.25      24.450012]
  [ 23.850006  23.649994  23.75     ...  24.649994  24.25      24.050018]]

 [[ 17.050018  16.550018  16.050018 ...  13.450012  13.450012  13.550018]
  [ 16.550018  16.550018  16.450012 ...  13.350006  13.050018  12.950012]
  [ 16.450012  16.25      16.450012 ...  13.050018  12.850006  12.850006]
  ...
  [ 26.350006  26.350006  26.25     ...  26.75      26.850006  26.950012]
  [ 26.050018  26.050018  25.950012 ...  26.75      26.350006  26.550018]
  [ 26.050018  25.75      25.649994 ...  26.75      26.350006  26.149994]]], 'degree_Celsius')>
Coordinates:
    time1      datetime64[ns] 8B 2017-09-05T12:00:00
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B ...
  * latitude   (latitude) float32 324B 50.0 49.5 49.0 48.5 ... 11.0 10.5 10.0
  * isobaric3  (isobaric3) float64 248B 100.0 200.0 300.0 ... 9.75e+04 1e+05
  * longitude  (longitude) float32 524B 250.0 250.5 251.0 ... 314.0 314.5 315.0
    metpy_crs  object 8B Projection: latitude_longitude
Attributes:
    long_name:                      Temperature @ Isobaric surface
    Grib_Variable_Id:               VAR_0-0-0_L100
    Grib2_Parameter:                [0 0 0]
    Grib2_Parameter_Discipline:     Meteorological products
    Grib2_Parameter_Category:       Temperature
    Grib2_Parameter_Name:           Temperature
    Grib2_Level_Type:               100
    Grib2_Level_Desc:               Isobaric surface
    Grib2_Generating_Process_Type:  Forecast
    grid_mapping:                   LatLon_361X720-0p25S-180p00E


To base unit conversion:

temperature_degk = temperature_degc.metpy.convert_to_base_units()
temperature_degk

<xarray.DataArray 'Temperature_isobaric' (isobaric3: 31, latitude: 81,
                                          longitude: 131)> Size: 1MB
<Quantity([[[258.  258.  257.9 ... 258.2 258.2 258.3]
  [257.9 257.9 257.8 ... 258.2 258.2 258.2]
  [257.8 257.8 257.8 ... 258.1 258.1 258.1]
  ...
  [260.8 260.8 260.8 ... 258.  258.1 258.2]
  [261.  261.  261.  ... 258.1 258.1 258.2]
  [261.2 261.2 261.2 ... 258.1 258.2 258.3]]

 [[256.5 256.5 256.5 ... 255.6 255.6 255.5]
  [256.4 256.4 256.3 ... 255.5 255.5 255.5]
  [256.2 256.2 256.2 ... 255.4 255.4 255.4]
  ...
  [259.1 259.1 259.1 ... 261.1 261.4 261.6]
  [259.2 259.2 259.2 ... 261.1 261.4 261.6]
  [259.4 259.3 259.3 ... 261.1 261.4 261.6]]

 [[251.4 251.4 251.4 ... 250.5 250.5 250.5]
  [251.2 251.3 251.3 ... 250.4 250.4 250.4]
  [251.1 251.1 251.1 ... 250.3 250.3 250.2]
  ...
...
  ...
  [295.3 295.3 295.3 ... 295.7 295.8 295.9]
  [295.2 295.2 295.1 ... 295.7 295.3 295.5]
  [295.1 294.9 295.3 ... 295.7 295.6 295.2]]

 [[288.8 288.3 287.8 ... 285.1 285.  284.9]
  [288.3 288.3 288.2 ... 285.1 284.8 284.6]
  [288.2 288.  288.2 ... 285.  284.9 284.8]
  ...
  [297.3 297.4 297.3 ... 297.8 297.8 298. ]
  [297.1 297.1 297.  ... 297.8 297.4 297.6]
  [297.  296.8 296.9 ... 297.8 297.4 297.2]]

 [[290.2 289.7 289.2 ... 286.6 286.6 286.7]
  [289.7 289.7 289.6 ... 286.5 286.2 286.1]
  [289.6 289.4 289.6 ... 286.2 286.  286. ]
  ...
  [299.5 299.5 299.4 ... 299.9 300.  300.1]
  [299.2 299.2 299.1 ... 299.9 299.5 299.7]
  [299.2 298.9 298.8 ... 299.9 299.5 299.3]]], 'kelvin')>
Coordinates:
    time1      datetime64[ns] 8B 2017-09-05T12:00:00
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B ...
  * latitude   (latitude) float32 324B 50.0 49.5 49.0 48.5 ... 11.0 10.5 10.0
  * isobaric3  (isobaric3) float64 248B 100.0 200.0 300.0 ... 9.75e+04 1e+05
  * longitude  (longitude) float32 524B 250.0 250.5 251.0 ... 314.0 314.5 315.0
    metpy_crs  object 8B Projection: latitude_longitude
Attributes:
    long_name:                      Temperature @ Isobaric surface
    Grib_Variable_Id:               VAR_0-0-0_L100
    Grib2_Parameter:                [0 0 0]
    Grib2_Parameter_Discipline:     Meteorological products
    Grib2_Parameter_Category:       Temperature
    Grib2_Parameter_Name:           Temperature
    Grib2_Level_Type:               100
    Grib2_Level_Desc:               Isobaric surface
    Grib2_Generating_Process_Type:  Forecast
    grid_mapping:                   LatLon_361X720-0p25S-180p00E


Unit conversion for coordinates:

heights_on_hpa_levels = heights.metpy.convert_coordinate_units('isobaric3', 'hPa')
heights_on_hpa_levels['isobaric3']

<xarray.DataArray 'isobaric3' ()> Size: 8B
array(500.)
Coordinates:
    time1      datetime64[ns] 8B 2017-09-05T18:00:00
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B ...
    isobaric3  float64 8B 500.0
Attributes:
    units:        hPa
    positive:     down
    _metpy_axis:  vertical


Accessing just the underlying unit array:

heights_unit_array = heights.metpy.unit_array
heights_unit_array
Magnitude
[[5883.3564453125 5879.31640625 5875.3564453125 ... 5769.396484375  5769.99609375 5770.43603515625] [5885.47607421875 5882.236328125 5877.67626953125 ... 5783.916015625  5784.51611328125 5785.1962890625] [5888.87646484375 5885.15625 5880.916015625 ... 5798.47607421875  5799.076171875 5799.71630859375] ... [5892.51611328125 5892.236328125 5891.99609375 ... 5881.55615234375  5881.43603515625 5880.59619140625] [5891.83642578125 5891.59619140625 5891.71630859375 ... 5880.2763671875  5880.3564453125 5879.916015625] [5891.3564453125 5891.59619140625 5891.3564453125 ... 5879.87646484375  5879.59619140625 5878.99609375]]
Unitsmeter


Accessing just the underlying units:

height_units = heights.metpy.units
height_units
meter


Calculations#

MetPy’s xarray integration extends to its calculation suite as well. Most grid-capable calculations (such as thermodynamics, kinematics, and smoothers) fully support xarray DataArrays by accepting them as inputs, returning them as outputs, and automatically using the attached coordinate data/metadata to determine grid arguments

heights = data_parsed.metpy.parse_cf('Geopotential_height_isobaric').metpy.sel(
    time='2017-09-05 18:00',
    vertical=500 * units.hPa
)
u_g, v_g = mpcalc.geostrophic_wind(heights)
u_g

<xarray.DataArray (latitude: 81, longitude: 131)> Size: 85kB
<Quantity([[ 2.33535886  4.60981877  2.93625413 ... 22.89067952 22.89183583
  23.49234567]
 [ 4.38966801  4.64400083  4.42111986 ... 23.12487204 23.12526033
  23.28446103]
 [ 5.54483395  4.9994661   5.35235118 ... 22.97939121 22.94731075
  22.75482798]
 ...
 [-3.42134235 -3.29600145 -3.16911313 ... -7.60556204 -6.84423212
  -4.56488464]
 [-3.84801887 -2.12410641 -2.1224862  ... -5.57355154 -6.1049832
  -5.30945593]
 [-2.64743317  2.22914893 -2.78516091 ...  0.27885616 -4.18284239
  -7.24175843]], 'meter / second')>
Coordinates:
    time1      datetime64[ns] 8B 2017-09-05T18:00:00
    reftime    datetime64[ns] 8B 2017-09-05T12:00:00
  * latitude   (latitude) float32 324B 50.0 49.5 49.0 48.5 ... 11.0 10.5 10.0
  * longitude  (longitude) float32 524B 250.0 250.5 251.0 ... 314.0 314.5 315.0
    metpy_crs  object 8B Projection: latitude_longitude
    isobaric3  float64 8B 5e+04


For profile-based calculations (and most remaining calculations in the metpy.calc module), xarray DataArrays are accepted as inputs, but the outputs remain Pint Quantities (typically scalars). Note that MetPy’s profile calculations (such as CAPE and CIN) require the sounding to be ordered from highest to lowest pressure. As seen earlier in this tutorial, this data is ordered the other way, so we need to reverse the inputs to mpcalc.surface_based_cape_cin.

data_at_point = data.metpy.sel(
    time1='2017-09-05 12:00',
    latitude=30 * units.degrees_north,
    longitude=260 * units.degrees_east
)
dewpoint = mpcalc.dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(
    data_at_point['Temperature_isobaric'],
    data_at_point['Relative_humidity_isobaric']
)
cape, cin = mpcalc.surface_based_cape_cin(
    data_at_point['isobaric3'][::-1],
    data_at_point['Temperature_isobaric'][::-1],
    dewpoint[::-1]
)
cape
2106.334501780329 joule/kilogram


A few remaining portions of MetPy’s calculations (mainly the interpolation module and a few other functions) do not fully support xarray, and so, use of .values may be needed to convert to a bare NumPy array. For full information on xarray support for your function of interest, see the Reference Guide.

CF-Compliant Dataset Example#

The GFS sample used throughout this tutorial so far has been an example of a CF-compliant dataset. These kinds of datasets are easiest to work with it MetPy, since most of the “xarray magic” uses CF metadata. For this kind of dataset, a typical workflow looks like the following

# Load data, parse it for a CF grid mapping, and promote lat/lon data variables to coordinates
data = xr.open_dataset(
    get_test_data('narr_example.nc', False)
).metpy.parse_cf().set_coords(['lat', 'lon'])

# Subset to only the data you need to save on memory usage
subset = data.metpy.sel(isobaric=500 * units.hPa)

# Quantify if you plan on performing xarray operations that need to maintain unit correctness
subset = subset.metpy.quantify()

# Perform calculations
heights = mpcalc.smooth_gaussian(subset['Geopotential_height'], 5)
subset['u_geo'], subset['v_geo'] = mpcalc.geostrophic_wind(heights)

# Plot
heights.plot()
time = 1987-04-04T18:00:00, isobaric = 500.0 [h...
<matplotlib.collections.QuadMesh object at 0x7f674fd66fd0>

# Save output
subset.metpy.dequantify().drop_vars('metpy_crs').to_netcdf('500hPa_analysis.nc')

Non-Compliant Dataset Example#

When CF metadata (such as grid mapping, coordinate attributes, etc.) are missing, a bit more work is required to manually supply the required information, for example,

nonstandard = xr.Dataset({
    'temperature': (('y', 'x'), np.arange(0, 9).reshape(3, 3) * units.degC),
    'y': ('y', np.arange(0, 3) * 1e5, {'units': 'km'}),
    'x': ('x', np.arange(0, 3) * 1e5, {'units': 'km'})
})

# Add both CRS and then lat/lon coords using chained methods
data = nonstandard.metpy.assign_crs(
    grid_mapping_name='lambert_conformal_conic',
    latitude_of_projection_origin=38.5,
    longitude_of_central_meridian=262.5,
    standard_parallel=38.5,
    earth_radius=6371229.0
).metpy.assign_latitude_longitude()

# Preview the changes
data

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 272B
Dimensions:      (y: 3, x: 3)
Coordinates:
  * y            (y) float64 24B 0.0 1e+05 2e+05
  * x            (x) float64 24B 0.0 1e+05 2e+05
    metpy_crs    object 8B Projection: lambert_conformal_conic
    latitude     (y, x) float64 72B 38.5 38.49 38.48 39.4 ... 40.3 40.29 40.28
    longitude    (y, x) float64 72B -97.5 -96.35 -95.2 ... -97.5 -96.32 -95.14
Data variables:
    temperature  (y, x) int64 72B <Quantity([[0 1 2]  [3 4 5]  [6 7 8]], 'deg...


Once the CRS and additional coordinates are assigned, you can generally proceed as you would for a CF-compliant dataset.

What Could Go Wrong?#

Depending on your dataset and what you are trying to do, you might run into problems with xarray and MetPy. Below are examples of some of the most common issues

  • Multiple coordinate conflict

  • An axis not being available

  • An axis not being interpretable

  • UndefinedUnitError

Coordinate Conflict

Code:

x = data['Temperature'].metpy.x

Error Message:

/home/user/env/MetPy/metpy/xarray.py:305: UserWarning: More than
one x coordinate present for variable "Temperature".

Fix:

Manually assign the coordinates using the assign_coordinates() method on your DataArray, or by specifying the coordinates argument to the parse_cf() method on your Dataset, to map the time, vertical, y, latitude, x, and longitude axes (as applicable to your data) to the corresponding coordinates.

data['Temperature'].assign_coordinates({'time': 'time', 'vertical': 'isobaric',
                                        'y': 'y', 'x': 'x'})
x = data['Temperature'].metpy.x

or

temperature = data.metpy.parse_cf('Temperature',
                                  coordinates={'time': 'time', 'vertical': 'isobaric',
                                               'y': 'y', 'x': 'x'})
x = temperature.metpy.x

Axis Unavailable

Code:

data['Temperature'].metpy.vertical

Error Message:

AttributeError: vertical attribute is not available.

This means that your data variable does not have the coordinate that was requested, at least as far as the parser can recognize. Verify that you are requesting a coordinate that your data actually has, and if it still is not available, you will need to manually specify the coordinates as discussed above.

Axis Not Interpretable

Code:

x, y, ensemble = data['Temperature'].metpy.coordinates('x', 'y', 'ensemble')

Error Message:

AttributeError: 'ensemble' is not an interpretable axis

This means that you are requesting a coordinate that MetPy is (currently) unable to parse. While this means it cannot be recognized automatically, you can still obtain your desired coordinate directly by accessing it by name. If you have a need for systematic identification of a new coordinate type, we welcome pull requests for such new functionality on GitHub!

Undefined Unit Error

If the units attribute on your xarray data is not recognizable by Pint, you will likely receive an UndefinedUnitError. In this case, you will likely have to update the units attribute to one that can be parsed properly by Pint. It is our aim to have all valid CF/UDUNITS unit strings be parseable, but this work is ongoing. If many variables in your dataset are not parseable, the .update_attribute method on the MetPy accessor may come in handy.

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